What Is a Consumption Tax?
A consumption tax is a tax on the purchase of a good or service. Consumption taxes can take the form of sales taxes, tariffs, excise, and other taxes on consumed goods and services.
A consumption tax can also refer to a taxing system as a whole in which people are taxed based on how much they consume rather than how much they add to the economy (income tax).
How Consumption Taxes Work
Examples of consumption taxes include retail sales taxes, excise taxes, value-added taxes, use taxes, taxes on gross business receipts, and import duties. These taxes are borne by consumers who pay a higher retail price for the good or service.
The higher price includes the consumption tax, which is collected by the vendor and remitted to the appropriate federal, state, or local government. Consumption taxes are often levied at different rates on different commodities according to perceptions of whether a commodity is considered a necessity (such as food) or a luxury (such as jewelry).
The consumption tax is not a new idea. The U.S. government used a consumption tax for much of its history before replacing it with an income tax. The Bush administration backed a version of this, although the proposal was defeated. The proposal called for the United States to shift from a mainly progressive income tax system to a national tax system that uses consumption taxes exclusively.
Note
Ideally, a properly designed consumption tax system would reward savers and penalize spenders. While the U.S. does not have a national consumption tax, many other countries have imposed some form of a national consumption tax.
Japan, for example, added a 3% consumption tax to its income tax in 1989. The Japanese Consumption Tax (JCT) rose to 5% in 1997.1 In 2012, a two-part tax increase to double the tax raised it first to 8% in April 2014. It was originally scheduled to rise to 10% in October 2015, but two delays pushed it to October 2019.2 There are exemptions that include food, newspapers, and some other daily items to keep the consumption tax at 8% for those items.
Types of Consumption Taxes
Value-Added Tax
Most European countries and Canada have a consumption tax system in the form of VATs, or value-added taxes. In Canada, the VAT is referred to as a goods and services tax (GST) in some provinces, and a harmonized sales tax (HST) in others.3
A VAT is a tax on the difference between what a producer pays for raw materials and labor and what the producer charges for finished goods. Hence this consumption tax is levied on the “value added” to goods and services from the production stage to the final consumption stage.
Excise Tax
An excise tax is a sales tax that applies to a specific class of goods, typically alcohol, tobacco, gasoline, or tourism. Some excise taxes are charged to discourage a behavior or purchase of certain goods that are thought to be detrimental to the economy. These excise taxes are more commonly known as sin taxes.
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Other excise taxes are applied to people who benefit from a program or infrastructure. For example, taxes on gasoline are collected from drivers to maintain roads, highways, and bridges.
Import Duties
Import duties are taxes levied on an importer for goods entering the country. The taxes are passed on by the importer to final consumers through higher costs. The amount of this consumption tax payable varies greatly depending on the imported good, the country of origin, and several other factors. Import duties can be calculated as a percentage of the value of the goods being imported, or based on the quantity, weight, or volume of the goods being imported.4
Retail Sales Tax
The sales tax is usually ad valorem, that is, it is calculated by applying a percentage rate to the taxable price of a sale. Although there is a sales tax in the U.S., it is a form of state tax, not a federal tax. In addition, state sales taxes exempt all sorts of spending, such as food, health, and housing. Countries that have implemented the sales tax as a federal consumption tax, tax almost all consumption.
Consumption Tax vs. Income Tax
A consumption tax is charged to people when they spend money. An income tax is levied on people when they earn money or when they receive interest, dividends, or capital gains from their investments.
Proponents of a consumption tax argue that it encourages saving and investment and makes the economy more efficient, while income taxation penalizes savers and rewards spenders. Thus, they argue that it is only fair that people are taxed on what they take out of the limited resource pool through consumption, rather than what they contribute to the pool using their income.
On the other hand, opponents maintain that a consumption tax adversely affects the poor who, by necessity, spend more of their income. They state that since a consumption tax is a form of a regressive tax, the wealthy population consumes a smaller fraction of their income than do poorer households.
Does the U.S. Have a National Consumption Tax?
The United States does not have a federal consumption tax. However, it does impose a federal excise tax when certain types of goods and services are purchased, such as gas, airline tickets, alcohol, and cigarettes.
Which Countries Have a Consumption Tax?
Many countries, including many European countries, have a consumption tax.5 Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Canada, and India are among the countries with a form of national consumption tax.
How Many States Collect Sales Tax?
In total, 45 states and the District of Columbia collect a sales tax. The states that don't collect a sales tax are: Alaska, Delaware, Montana, New Hampshire, and Oregon. However, Alaska permits localities to charge local sales taxes.6
The Bottom Line
Consumption taxes are taxes on the purchase of goods and services. An income tax, in contrast, is imposed when you earn money, a consumption tax is imposed when an you spend money. Examples of consumption taxes include sales taxes, excise taxes, VAT taxes, and taxes on imported goods. Proponents argue that consumption taxes are more fair than income tax, since there are ways to hide income. But critics say that consumption taxes discourage spending and adversely hurt low-income households.